The US Dollar (USD) observed modest losses on Wednesday, trailing at 102.4 in the US Dollar Index, as market participants stick to the sidelines awaiting drivers. The trading floors were relatively quiet with no significant reports fuelling reactions during the session. The focus is set on the release of the US Consumer Price Index (CPI) from December, due on Thursday.
For now, markets are betting on five rate cuts in 2024, largely dismissing the Federal Reserve (Fed) forecast of only 75 bps of easing. Strong labor market data from the US economy was largely offset by a weak US ISM PMI print, so December’s CPI reading will play a big role in shaping expectations of the central bank’s easing calendar.
The indicators on the daily chart reflect a decrease in buying momentum and increase in selling pressure. The Relative Strength Index (RSI), which is on a negative slope and in negative territory, suggests that bears are around the corner.
In addition, a decreasing histogram of green bars in the Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD) indicator confirms the growing bearish sentiment, indicative of a decrease in bullish momentum. Despite bulls taking a breather, they still are struggling to make a decisive upward move.
This lack of bullish momentum is also confirmed by the position of the index in relation to the Simple Moving Averages (SMAs). While it remains above the 20-day SMA, it is under the broader 100 and 200-day SMAs, suggesting bears are maintaining a bullish grip on the larger time horizon.
Support levels: 102.30, 102.00 (20-day SMA), 101.80.
Resistance levels: 102.70, 102.90, 103.00.
The US Dollar (USD) is the official currency of the United States of America, and the ‘de facto’ currency of a significant number of other countries where it is found in circulation alongside local notes. It is the most heavily traded currency in the world, accounting for over 88% of all global foreign exchange turnover, or an average of $6.6 trillion in transactions per day, according to data from 2022.
Following the second world war, the USD took over from the British Pound as the world’s reserve currency. For most of its history, the US Dollar was backed by Gold, until the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1971 when the Gold Standard went away.
The most important single factor impacting on the value of the US Dollar is monetary policy, which is shaped by the Federal Reserve (Fed). The Fed has two mandates: to achieve price stability (control inflation) and foster full employment. Its primary tool to achieve these two goals is by adjusting interest rates.
When prices are rising too quickly and inflation is above the Fed’s 2% target, the Fed will raise rates, which helps the USD value. When inflation falls below 2% or the Unemployment Rate is too high, the Fed may lower interest rates, which weighs on the Greenback.
In extreme situations, the Federal Reserve can also print more Dollars and enact quantitative easing (QE). QE is the process by which the Fed substantially increases the flow of credit in a stuck financial system.
It is a non-standard policy measure used when credit has dried up because banks will not lend to each other (out of the fear of counterparty default). It is a last resort when simply lowering interest rates is unlikely to achieve the necessary result. It was the Fed’s weapon of choice to combat the credit crunch that occurred during the Great Financial Crisis in 2008. It involves the Fed printing more Dollars and using them to buy US government bonds predominantly from financial institutions. QE usually leads to a weaker US Dollar.
Quantitative tightening (QT) is the reverse process whereby the Federal Reserve stops buying bonds from financial institutions and does not reinvest the principal from the bonds it holds maturing in new purchases. It is usually positive for the US Dollar.
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