The US Dollar (USD) is back to square one against most peers and trades around the opening price of Monday in plenty of G10 crosses. The whipsaw moves these past few days must have hurt both parties that were trying to take positions before the main event taking place later this Thursday and Friday with the annual Federal Reserve (Fed) Jackson Hole Symposium. The crème-de-la-crème of central bankers from developed countries will be convening to discuss and evaluate what to do next with these elevated rates and inflation not yet being near its projected target.
A big slew of data arrives Thursday with the risk that after the contractionary numbers from the latest US PMI on Wednesday, the Durable Goods data this afternoon could dampen the recent positive tone even more and dent economic confidence in the US. Once at 14:00 GMT, the Jackson Hole Symposium is set to start. Thus be on the lookout for any comment from non-Fed central bankers making statements that could trigger a substantial move in other currencies against the Greenback. Traders will be bracing for an eventful 48 hours to come.
The US Dollar almost had its hand around that 104-handle in the US Dollar Index (DXY) before taking the contraction in US PMI numbers on the chin. The DXY plunged like a failed jelly cake and closed out Wednesday in the red. Though US Dollar bears should not flaunt their success just yet, DXY bulls are nicely consolidating their positions above the 200-day Simple Moving Average (SMA) before the next attempt to reach 104.
On the upside, as you could have guessed from the above paragraph, 104.00 is the first nearby target. The high of Friday at 103.68 is vital and needs to get a daily close above it in order for the DXY to eke out more monthly gains. Should this US Dollar strength persist for the last part of this year, May’s peak at 104.70 could become the reality again.
On the downside, several floors are likely to prevent a steep decline in the DXY. The first one is the 200-day Simple Moving Average (SMA) at 103.16, which already broke on Monday and Tuesday, though it held on the implosion Wednesday. Passing below the 103.00 figure, some room opens up for a further drop. However, around 102.38 both the 55-day and the 100-day SMAs await to backstop the pairs.
The US Dollar (USD) is the official currency of the United States of America, and the ‘de facto’ currency of a significant number of other countries where it is found in circulation alongside local notes. It is the most heavily traded currency in the world, accounting for over 88% of all global foreign exchange turnover, or an average of $6.6 trillion in transactions per day, according to data from 2022.
Following the second world war, the USD took over from the British Pound as the world’s reserve currency. For most of its history, the US Dollar was backed by Gold, until the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1971 when the Gold Standard went away.
The most important single factor impacting on the value of the US Dollar is monetary policy, which is shaped by the Federal Reserve (Fed). The Fed has two mandates: to achieve price stability (control inflation) and foster full employment. Its primary tool to achieve these two goals is by adjusting interest rates.
When prices are rising too quickly and inflation is above the Fed’s 2% target, the Fed will raise rates, which helps the USD value. When inflation falls below 2% or the Unemployment Rate is too high, the Fed may lower interest rates, which weighs on the Greenback.
In extreme situations, the Federal Reserve can also print more Dollars and enact quantitative easing (QE). QE is the process by which the Fed substantially increases the flow of credit in a stuck financial system.
It is a non-standard policy measure used when credit has dried up because banks will not lend to each other (out of the fear of counterparty default). It is a last resort when simply lowering interest rates is unlikely to achieve the necessary result. It was the Fed’s weapon of choice to combat the credit crunch that occurred during the Great Financial Crisis in 2008. It involves the Fed printing more Dollars and using them to buy US government bonds predominantly from financial institutions. QE usually leads to a weaker US Dollar.
Quantitative tightening (QT) is the reverse process whereby the Federal Reserve stops buying bonds from financial institutions and does not reinvest the principal from the bonds it holds maturing in new purchases. It is usually positive for the US Dollar.
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